Causes and Symptoms of Spinal Stenosis
Spinal stenosis occurs when the spaces within the spine narrow, putting pressure on the spinal cord or nerves. The symptoms vary depending on the location of the narrowing. If it occurs in the lower back, a person may experience pain, weakness, or numbness in the legs. Nerve compression in this area can also lead to sciatica, causing radiating pain that travels down the leg. In severe cases, known as cauda equina syndrome, symptoms may include loss of bowel or bladder control, sexual dysfunction, or significant loss of sensation in one or both legs.
When spinal stenosis develops in the upper spine, discomfort often presents in the shoulders or arms. Weakness, tingling, or numbness may gradually worsen, affecting mobility and daily activities. Regardless of location, symptoms often start mild and progress over time, making early detection and treatment essential.
How Spinal Stenosis Is Diagnosed
A diagnosis begins with a physical exam to assess muscle strength, range of motion, and any movements that trigger pain. Your doctor may then order imaging tests, such as an X-ray, MRI, or CT scan, to pinpoint areas of narrowing and assess the severity of nerve compression. In some cases, specialized tests like a myelogram or bone scan may be needed for a more detailed view of the spinal structures. These evaluations help guide treatment decisions and rule out other potential causes of symptoms.
Treatment Options
Spinal stenosis treatment depends on the severity of symptoms and the underlying cause. Many patients find relief through conservative treatments such as medication and physical therapy. Anti-inflammatory drugs or muscle relaxants may help ease pain and stiffness, while targeted exercises can improve strength, flexibility, and posture to reduce pressure on the spine.
For individuals with persistent pain, more advanced treatments may be considered. Epidural injections and nerve blocks can provide temporary relief by reducing inflammation around affected nerves. In some cases, minimally invasive procedures like interspinous spacers or lumbar fusion surgery are recommended to create more space in the spine and relieve pressure on compressed nerves.