Types of Spinal Infections
Spinal infections can affect different parts of the spine in various ways. Vertebral osteomyelitis, one of the more common types, occurs when bacteria infect the vertebrae, often causing severe back pain, fever, and inflammation. Discitis, on the other hand, targets the intervertebral discs, leading to stiffness and limited movement. Some infections develop into a spinal epidural abscess, a pus-filled pocket that can press on the spinal cord and nerves, potentially leading to numbness, weakness, or even paralysis. Though less common, spinal meningitis can also develop, causing dangerous inflammation around the brain and spinal cord.
Causes and Risk Factors
Spinal infections usually stem from bacteria or fungi entering the bloodstream and settling in the spine. Individuals with weakened immune systems—whether due to diabetes, cancer, or conditions like HIV—are more vulnerable to these infections. Recent spinal surgery, IV drug use, and poor circulation can also increase the risk. In some cases, infections in other parts of the body, such as pneumonia or a urinary tract infection, may spread to the spine and trigger complications.
Recognizing the Symptoms
Symptoms can vary depending on the type and severity of the infection, but common warning signs include:
- Persistent back or neck pain that worsens over time
- Fever, chills, or night sweats
- Swelling, redness, or warmth around the spine
- Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the arms or legs
- Difficulty walking or maintaining balance
- Loss of bladder or bowel control (in severe cases)
If you experience any of these symptoms, especially after surgery or an infection elsewhere in your body, seek medical attention as soon as possible.
Spinal Infection Diagnosis and Treatment
Doctors use a combination of physical exams, imaging tests, and lab work to diagnose a spinal infection. Blood tests help identify signs of infection, while MRI or CT scans provide a clearer picture of inflammation, abscesses, or bone damage. In some cases, a biopsy may be necessary to pinpoint the exact bacteria or fungus responsible for the infection.
Treatment typically begins with a course of antibiotics or antifungal medications, administered either orally or intravenously. If the infection is causing severe pain, nerve compression, or mobility issues, additional therapies like bracing or pain management may be recommended. In more serious cases, surgery might be needed to drain abscesses, remove infected tissue, or relieve pressure on the spinal cord.
Preventing Spinal Infections
While not all spinal infections can be prevented, certain steps can reduce your risk:
- Practice good hygiene and wound care
- Manage chronic conditions like diabetes that can weaken the immune system
- Avoid IV drug use and other high-risk behaviors
- Follow post-surgical care instructions carefully
- Seek medical attention for infections before they spread
When to Seek Medical Attention
Because spinal infections can progress quickly, early intervention is key. If you have persistent back pain along with fever, chills, or neurological symptoms like weakness or numbness, don’t wait to see a doctor. Timely treatment can prevent serious complications and help restore mobility and comfort.